Word: cooperation
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Four-Quart Goal. The amount of work that muscles do can be measured by the amount of oxygen they consume. Soon after Cooper entered the Air Force in 1960, he was assigned to its School of Aerospace Medicine near San Antonio. Using thousands of airmen as his captive subjects, Cooper hit upon a twelve-minute run (now recommended only for men under 30) as the basic test. If the greatest distance a man can cover in those twelve minutes is less than a mile, he is in Cooper's very poor" fitness category. If he weighs...
Training Effect. Cooper was appalled by the number of presumably fit young airmen who rated "poor," and has since become convinced that only one American in five can be considered truly fit. The remedy, he decided, is sustained muscular work-and indeed overwork-to produce a "training effect." The cardinal requirement of aerobic exercise is that it must tax the person's capacity to the point where he is breathing hard and his heart is pounding at 130 beats per minute or more. Cooper grades exercises according to how fast they induce the training effect and increase oxygen...
When his first book, Aerobics, was published three years ago. Cooper had had little experience with women's exercise needs or with the problems of the middle-aged and older male. "I made a mistake," he admits. "The twelve-minute-run test should not have been included for older civilians...
After Aerobics had sold 2,000,000 copies, Cooper brought out The New Aerobics (Bantam Books), which confidently urges older women to use the system for prolonging good looks and vitality. It also prescribes strict precautions for the out-of-condition of any age and especially for the elderly. Instead of the twelve-minute run, the exerciser now grades himself by covering 1½ miles at whatever pace he can manage. This reduces initial stress. The time elapsed can be transformed into a fitness category by using the book's elaborate tables...
Track and Pool. Men or women up to the age of 30, Cooper now says may start a graduated aerobics program if they have had a complete physical examination, with a careful health history, within the preceding year. Between 30 and 40, to be safe, they must have had the physical within three months, and it must include an electrocardiogram. For people from 41 to 59, the ECG must be taken both at rest and while exercising. Over 60, all the preceding requirements must be met immediately before training starts...