Word: coppers
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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Esther L. Witkowska, a Pole, who was deported to work in the Degtyanka copper mines in the Ural Mountains, related: "I was assigned to the Moskva-Komsomol-skaya pits . . . Upon my arrival I found some Polish girls, still in their teens, from a previous transport. . . The girls told me how, when they first came to work in the pits, they cried with fear. The working day [was] eleven hours long. The only meal we had during those eleven hours was black bread and water . . . Punishment for ... tardiness was three months in prison...
While the British still debated what to do, the harried German manager of the Kurbel acted fast. Handbills announced a new feature, Der Kupferne Berg (in English, The Hungry Hill), a dull B-picture about copper mining in Ireland...
...Metals. Copper, zinc and lead may become even scarcer. The Munitions Board, which runs the U.S. stockpile of strategic materials, said it would step up its purchases of 68 critical items to bring the stockpile up to 39% of planned size. The $525 million authorized for purchases this fiscal year, said Board Chairman Donald F. Carpenter, had already been spent or contracted for, and Carpenter will ask Congress for another $310 million. The stockpile's eventual value...
...Shimkin, the Russians began looking for radioactive minerals. The best find was at Tyuya Muyun in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia, 200 miles east of Tashkent -where a mine was opened in 1908. By the end of 1913, it had produced 1,044 tons of ore containing vanadium, copper and about .82% of uranium. At 26 pounds of U-235 per atom bomb (a current guess), this early production could have yielded theoretically enough "fissionable material" for four bombs. The Tyuya Muyun mine was still producing in 1936, when it (and some radioactive waters near Ukhta) yielded enough radium...
...workings of the machine are fairly shuple. A stencil is placed over the test paper which covers all spaces except those where correct answers are supposed to be marked. Both the test paper and the stencil are then placed in a slot up against a panel of thick copper pins. When the machine is turned on, the pins pick up all pencil marks that show through the spaces in the stencil, because pencil marks made with special pencils, conduct electricity. The rest is simple. The machine just "counts" the number of electrical impulses and then stamps it on the exam...