Word: coppers
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...chamber orchestra plays from the balcony behind the audience, directing attention to the sparsely furnished stage. The set consists of a wooden platform with a few copper colored and terra cotta vessels, a pair of bronze-like columns and a garden statue cherub...
...immediately in a small dining room at an intimate table. The interior is decorated in wine-red tones, with a romantic touch of soft glowing light. The ceiling lamps at Henri's are especially interesting--each seems to be a one-of-a-kind piece of art made with copper wire, scarlet colored glass and fiery tear -shaped bulbs. These lamps, a small collection of wine bottles and a few black and white prints contribute to the sparse yet effective decoration of the dining room. In fact, the relaxed, minimalist setting is a great contrast to the exotic, complex...
...thin sheet of metal and etched away everything they didn't want. What was left were microscopic paths of metal just wide enough to carry a current. But while chipmakers had developed any number of ways to etch aluminum, no one had yet figured out how to etch copper. Doing that, IBM suspected, would require inventing a whole new kind of chemistry. Doing that became something of a Holy Grail within the industry, says Drew Peck, a semiconductor analyst at Cowen...
...only because copper is relatively cheap. The real breakthrough is that copper conductors will make it simpler to build much smaller chips. This is a big relief to chipmakers, who were, as the pessimists suspected, having a tough time pushing electrons through smaller and smaller aluminum conduits, which become less conductive as they shrink. IBM had been working patiently on the problem since scientists realized a decade ago that to move to the next level of miniaturization (to wiring .25 microns wide, about 400 times thinner than a human hair), they would need to abandon aluminum...
...Copper was an obvious replacement, but it had a couple of problems that seemed insurmountable. The first emerged when scientists tried to lay copper onto silicon. The tiny copper atoms filtered into the porous silicon like hot coffee dripping though a percolator. Copper is so conductive that just one hyperkinetic atom could "poison" the entire silicon surface...