Word: copyrighted
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...There are more publishers now--especially in England and small university presses--that insist that we go through the Copyright Clearance Center, which adds another fee," says William G. Witt, copyright officer at Harvard's Sourcebook Publications office. Copyright Clearance Center is a Salem, Mass.-based, not-for-profit corporation that processes copyright permissions request for the academic community...
While the Kinko's case has sparked many of the most significant changes in copyright permissions, the movement for greater compliance is nothing new for publishers. After the Congress revamped copyright law in 1976, publishers--who do business in a high-risk, low-return $50 million industry--began trying to make copying companies comply with their interpretation of the new statutes...
Before the March 1991 ruling, college professors nationwide used different methods of compiling sourcebooks. Faced with vague copyright laws, some professors, particularly those in large departments and universities like Harvard, meticulously filled out "permissions," or requests sent to copyright holders asking for permission to use their materials...
Many professors, however, bypassed copyright holders, simply taking the articles they wanted in their sourcebooks directly to local copiers and printers. Many professors and copying firms say they believed this practice was protected under Section 1.07 of the 1976 Copyright Act, also known as the "fair use" provision...
...reads: "The fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies ... for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship or research is not an infringement of copyright...