Word: core
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...THEIR Depression studies, Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange set examples of the formal, restricted composition, eliminating extraneous details, while avoiding both didacticism and ambiguity. Only about a quarter of the Harlem display falls into this category of formal photography. But the pictures that do form the show's core. The charges of superficiality that have been hurled about can hardly be leveled against Aaron Siskind's "Black Sleeping below White Pinups," Gordon Parks' character studies, or Steve Schapiro's militant "Motorcyclist" with a Kennedy lapel pin held in his teeth. Both visually arresting and intensely personal, these photographs make individual...
...prompted him to seek nonviolent means of direct political action for the Negro's civil rights. He began to read Gandhi. Distressed by the lack of progress in integration, he and his friends decided to form a nonviolent organization that would preach civil disobedience. That was the beginning of CORE and also the beginning of the sit-ins. "The Movement really began in the early 'forties. Up until that time, all blacks participated in segregation at least passively. It was important that we should not lend ourselves to the evil we condemned...
...everyone in CORE shared Farmer's pacifist views. "Nonviolence was chosen for several reasons. Primarily we were impressed by the fact that the black community had no guns. So we saw ourselves as organizing 'war without violence' -- that's Gandhi's phrase." The first sit-ins took place in Chicago, not a friendly town for demonstrators. "In the early 'forties, public accommodations was not just a Mississippi or Alabama problem--it was a national problem. In Chicago we had to force our way into restaurants. The owners might call in hoods to take care of us, or the police would...
AFTER 1956 the focus went to the South and there came a fresh wave of sit-ins, the Freedom Rides, and a decade of brushes with lynching and murder--all this possibly the heyday of CORE, nonviolence, and James Farmer. In those simpler days, before urban riots and black power, the Northern whites were all liberals and the Southern whites were all sheriffs. "One Mississippi officer I met," he recalls, "just couldn't bring himself to call me Mister Farmer. He tried, but he just couldn't. All that he could come out with was Mmmmm Farmer, Mmmmm Farmer...
Though he is to the left of the NAACP and others, Farmer regards the militants warily. He has watched them take over the civil rights movement (or at least the headlines), take over CORE, and more or less discard his philosophy of nonviolence. "There was so much repression, so much violence against us in the South that many young fellows became disgusted. For example, Stokely Carmichael was in jail with me and was a nonviolent them. A year later, there was Rap Brown--he was a nonviolent...