Word: cortexes
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...used. ACTH is one of at least six important hormones secreted by the pituitary, each of which acts as a master control regulating the flow of a series of other vital substances in the body. ACTH got its full name from the group it controls: the hormones of the cortex (outer casing) of the adrenals (the glands which bestride the kidneys). No less than 28 such slave hormones, including cortisone (see below), have been found in the adrenals. When their flow is stimulated, there may be harmful side effects...
Patients were given adreno-corticotropic hormone-ACTH and injections of epinephrine. In those with a normally functioning pituitary and adrenal cortex, one subcutaneous injection of epinephrine (0.3mg) was followed by a 50 percent fall in the level of circulating eosinophils it was reported...
Substance X. In 1929 Dr. Hench noticed that men & women with arthritis suffered less pain when they had jaundice. Women suffered less when they were pregnant. He noticed too that patients who had surgical operations got better for a while (during an operation, the adrenal cortex, or outer layer of the adrenal gland, is stimulated...
When circulation to the cortex is impeded, the blood bypasses the cortex and flows through bigger blood vessels in the kidney's medulla or interior (see cut). The cortex, starved for blood and oxygen, deteriorates. Results: 1) the production of urine slows or stops altogether; 2) the anemic cortex apparently secretes a substance (perhaps a hormone) that raises blood pressure throughout the body...
Following up this discovery, Trueta's investigators found that short-circuiting of the kidney cortex may be produced by many different stimuli. Direct electrical stimulation of certain nerves produced the same result; so did severe hemorrhages, heavy doses of certain hormones (e.g., adrenalin, pituitrin), and injections of the poison secreted by staphylococcus germs. All of these stimuli, the investigators decided, activate nerves which constrict the kidneys' blood vessels and divert the blood flow from the small vessels in the cortex to the larger ones in the medulla. Lack of blood in the cortex, in turn, raises blood pressure...