Word: cosmonaut
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...gets there, all right, but his accomplishment is tarnished. Sent into orbit to inspect a Soviet satellite, Kinsman kills a Russian cosmonaut by yanking out her airhose as they grapple soundlessly in the vacuum. Haunted and horrified that he could commit such an act Kinsman must find out what made him kill another human being without reason. Only then can he bring into space his victory of morality over military training, confrontation politics, and the squandering of resources...all earthbound evil...
This happened during World War II, when the nation was galvanized by fear that Germany would produce the first atomic bomb, and the Government-funded, $2 billion Manhattan Project unlocked the secrets of nuclear fission. In 1961 President John Kennedy, stung by Sputnik and later by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's orbiting the earth, decreed that the U.S. should put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. A synergistic exchange of technology among Government, science and industry had Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin walking on the moon five months ahead of the deadline...
Troubles have plagued the Soyuz-Salyut program of manned space laboratories since its inauguration. The first Soyuz spacecraft, developed in 1967 to carry cosmonauts to and from orbiting space stations, crashed on its return, killing its cosmonaut...
...Rainbow, and science-fiction novelists routinely construct their speculative entertainments from the hard-and software of physics and chemistry. Among the masters of the genre is Stanislaw Lem, a mordant, satirical Pole whose novels and stories have been praised by readers as disparate as Critic Leslie Fiedler and Russian Cosmonaut Gherman Titov. Lem has written nearly 30 books, and his European sales are in the millions. (Ten of his works have been translated into English; most of them were published by New York's Seabury Press...
Besides eclipsing the mark of 96 days set earlier this year by two other cosmonauts aboard the same Salyut 6 space station (the U.S. record is 84 days in orbit, set by a Skylab crew in 1974), Kovalenok, a Soviet air force colonel, and Ivanchenkov, his flight engineer, chalked up other feats. They played host to two visiting ships, one carrying an East German, the other a Polish cosmonaut. Resupplied three times by remote-controlled ferry craft, they conducted extensive observations of both the heavens and earth, and performed such experiments as growing crystals for electronic components and testing...