Word: costs
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...Administration is expected to get corporations to focus on the cost of being poor ecological citizens by giving incentives to companies that create and distribute clean energy and penalizing those that do not change their poor environmental habits with cap-and-trade or carbon taxes...
...Study? Re "Logging on to the Ivy League" [April 27]: Granting degrees to students who qualify through online study is merely acknowledging the actualities of university study today - notes and exams are taken on computers. Grading and advice to students could easily be done via the Internet, and the cost per student would be reduced dramatically. The social-policy aim is the creation of educated individuals. The technology isn't important. John Leone, SAN DIEGO...
...organic farming is a strong one. A 22-year study led by David Pimentel, a professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, that was published in 2005, found that organic farms produced just as much corn and soybeans as conventional farms. While they required more labor, the cost was more than offset by savings in commercial nitrogen, insecticides and herbicides. In Africa, where labor is cheap and capital scarce, the benefits would be magnified. According to Indian environmentalist Vandana Shiva, past green revolutions boosted production of wheat and rice at the expense of other food. Using land for cash...
Even worse, argue fans of organic farming, the resulting system leaves growers vulnerable to shocks: sudden rises in the cost of inputs, drops in produce prices, unexpected climatic shifts. Artificial fertilizers change the chemistry of the biologically impoverished soils, leaving farmers dependent on their continual application. Indian activists, including Shiva, trace a rise in farmer suicides to an unsustainable dependency caused by India's Green Revolution. "We shouldn't push a model that is viable for 10 years and then collapses," she says. (See pictures of India's Slumdog Entrepreneurs...
...Study? Re "Logging On To The Ivy Leagues" [April 27]: granting degrees to students who qualify through online study is merely acknowledging the actualities of university study today - notes and exams are taken on computers. Grading and advice to students could easily be done via the Internet, and the cost per student would be reduced dramatically. John Leone, San Diego...