Word: counsel
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...swallowed their objections. Now something new and interesting is happening to the often strained relations between the Federal Government and the nation's states and cities. To a degree that few people could have anticipated only a short time ago, Washington is actively seeking the help, cooperation and counsel of the states, the cities and a vast array of volunteer groups and private industries. It is forging new partnerships that have wide-ranging implications...
...they have shielded youngsters from the rigors of the adversary system, juvenile courts have operated farther and farther outside the Constitution. Today young Americans generally have no right to bail, counsel or public jury trial. One quarter of the country's juvenile court judges have had no legal training; lawyers appear in less than 5% of juvenile cases. Committal is often based on hearsay evidence; the criminal standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt is not required. Not only does incarceration often exceed adult sentences for the same offenses; for lack of youth facilities, 100,000 delinquents a year wind...
...Kent Jr., 16, had been under the "exclusive jurisdiction" of Washington's Juvenile Court Judge Orman W. Ketcham. Instead, the boy was tried as an adult, given a 30-to-90-year sentence. The Supreme Court ruled that Judge Ketcham had wrongly "waived" jurisdiction without giving Kent counsel, hearing or explanation...
...Miller, 16, was picked up for auto theft in Seattle, summarily sent to an adult court and given a ten-year sentence. Now 25, and still in prison, Miller argues that he was denied due process and equal protection of the laws. Last month, acting as his own counsel, Miller won a crucial round: the Supreme Court agreed to review his case-the first state juvenile proceeding to reach the nation's highest tribunal...
...result of Florida Indigent Clarence Gideon's famous victory in 1963, all American adults now enjoy the right to counsel in felony cases. Now Florida may also produce a "junior Gideon" in the case of Thomas W. Parker, 16. Last fall Parker was accused of burglarizing a hotel room, stealing a car, and robbing an old man of 60? at pistol point. Denied counsel, Parker was sent to a training school until the age of 21. On appeal, the American Civil Liberties Union argued that a youngster is entitled to a lawyer whenever the charges against him equal adult...