Word: crowder
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Linear Y. Branching. Skinnerians have proved something, but not to the satisfaction of a rival school of anti-behavioral programers led by Psychologist Norman A. Crowder of U.S. Industries' Western Design & Electronics division in Santa Barbara, Calif. While Skinner deplores multiple-choice questions because they contain "plausible" errors that students may remember, Crowder bases his whole approach on multiple choices. Instead of small steps, Crowder programs big chunks of information followed by a question with alternate answers. Choosing a right answer wins the student an advanced frame; a wrong answer sends him to a remedial frame with an explanation...
...Crowder's lively "scrambled books," which Doubleday publishes as TutorTexts, the reader starts on the first page, is then sent scurrying to widely scattered pages throughout the book. This is the "branching" technique, which Crowder developed as an Air Force psychologist while tutoring technicians in troubleshooting on 8-47 bombsights. Crowder believes that his method is better fitted to individuals than Skinner's somewhat Orwellian linear system. Crowder's method is demonstrably effective in such problem-solving areas as labor-management relations...
...There are three leading models of machines. Simplest is Grolier-Teaching Machines Inc.'s Min/ Max ($20): the student slides pieces of paper through it with a pencil eraser. Rheem Califone's Didak 501 ($157.50) follows Skinner's original design, with the programing on paper tape. Crowder designed Western Design's new AutoTutor Mark II ($1,250), a highly sophisticated branching device with up to 5,000 frames of microfilm. Eastman Kodak is well launched on a microfilm device, capable of handling different programs, that would sell to public schools for about...
Sprinter Rudolph won both the 100 meters (11.5 sec.) and 200 meters (23.9 sec.), will anchor a 400-meter Olympic relay team composed exclusively of Tennessee State sprinters, is a good prospect for three Olympic gold medals. Tigerbelle Shirley Crowder, with an aiding wind, ¼ tied the U.S. citizens' record of 11.4 in the 80-meter hurdles, and Willie B. White, a former Tennessee State student, broad-jumped 20 ft. 4^ in. to break...
...Senate proceed to consider a minor bill already passed by the House. Senators drifting into the chamber almost ignored the majority leader's routine request, which was routinely granted. The bill, a piece of legislative trivia, would authorize the Army to lease an unused barracks building at Fort Crowder to neighboring Stella, Mo. (pop. 177) to replace its burned schoolhouse. Only Master Parliamentarian Johnson knew that, in this quietly innocuous fashion, the civil rights debate of 1960 had begun...