Word: crudely
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...weeks ago, crude-oil prices jumped when OPEC moved to keep supplies tight by reducing its output quotas 3.5%, cutting off nearly 1 million bbl. a day from the global market. American consumers are even more vulnerable to energy shocks than they were two decades ago, in part because the U.S. government's policy during that time has failed to produce alternative energy sources. Whipsawed by lobbyists and special interests, taxpayer-supported programs have succeeded mainly in making a few people rich and protecting ineffectual schemes. To be sure, not all energy programs have been a bust. For example...
...Syncrude Canada's North Mine, a huge open pit nearly two miles across and 250 ft. deep, giant shovels scoop out a petroleum-soaked deposit called oil sand that is beginning a long journey from here into the gas tanks of American cars. The region contains enough of the crude mixture to produce an estimated 175 billion bbl. of oil, eight times the known deposits of conventional crude...
...hoppers for crushing. Hot water is injected to create a slurry that separates the raw oil from sand, clay and other particles. Then 2,500-h.p. pumps, the world's largest, push the viscous oil sands through pipes to a plant on-site that converts it to crude oil. From there, it goes by pipeline to refineries in the U.S. The output of the Alberta operations is expected soon to reach 1 million bbl. a day, surpassing U.S. crude production on Alaska's North Slope. The U.S. now imports more oil and petroleum products from Canada than from any other...
...Saudi Arabia is the world's No. 1 oil exporter and the leading supplier of crude oil to the U.S. It has onequarter of the world's proven oil reserves...
...force the U.S. to immediately quit Saudi Arabia or to abandon Israel, but the jihadis operate in a time-frame far more long-term than that of their adversaries - the reason, for example, that the region of western Pakistan that borders Afghanistan is dotted with religious schools imparting the crude religious teaching that spawned the Taliban is that these were built during the 1980s by the Saudi and Pakistani government to indoctrinate the next generation of mujahedeen to fight the Soviets. (Nobody had expected that Mikhail Gorbachev would suddenly bring the Red Army home...