Word: crusting
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...most accessible part of the earth's interior is at the ocean's bottom, where the crust is thin. Project Mohole, the U.S. attempt to reach the boundary layer between the earth's crust and mantle by drilling off the coast of Mexico, so far has penetrated only ordinary, surface-type rocks. Last week, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution reported far better success with another method. From the fractured north wall of the Puerto Rico Trench, its research ship Chain has dredged up the first samples of "third layer" rock ever gathered...
...Puerto Rico Trench is one of the most interesting places on earth. Lying north of Puerto Rico, it is something like the Grand Canyon sunk under three to four miles of water. Like other deep ocean trenches, it is believed to be a place where the earth's crust is sinking into the interior, perhaps carried down by slow, enormous currents in the plastic mantle. Since trenches are characteristic of the Pacific Ocean, where they abound, some geophysicists consider the Puerto Rico Trench a part of the Pacific that has bulged into the Atlantic between North and South America...
...Upper Crust. Such problems did not seem to bother official Russia a bit. These days, whenever a rocket blasts off its pad, the flight is almost always as much a propaganda maneuver as it is a scientific adventure. But this time even the poorly organized and obviously inaccurate propaganda could do little damage to the towering scientific feat. Just two days after his trip, Yuri Gagarin got a hero's reception in Moscow. Red Square, the city's ceremonial center, was decked out in festive dress. Banners fluttered from tall silver flagpoles; streetcars, buses, autos, lampposts and buildings...
Gagarin arrived in a turboprop airliner escorted by a swarm of jet fighters. Along with his parents and Wife Valentina, the entire upper crust of the Soviet hierarchy was on hand to greet him. The nuzzling, the bear hug and the long kiss he got from Premier Khrushchev seemed even more active than Valentina's warm embrace. Other dignitaries greeted the cosmonaut in their turn. Then, in a column of flower-decked cars, the official party drove slowly toward Red Square and a 20-gun salute from Red artillerymen...
...easiest place to start drilling would be on land, but unfortunately the crust under the continents and the oceanic islands is too thick (up to 20 miles) to be penetrated. Under many deep parts of the ocean the crust is only three miles thick-and for this reason the leaders of Project Mohole decided that the drilling should be done from a special ship floating in three miles of water. The ship cannot be held over the drill hole by anchor cables extending sideways. Such cables hang in curves and would yield too much to changes of pull from winds...