Word: crystallizer
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Bloembergen's solution was to use a crystal instead of a gas and to devise a means for keeping a large proportion of the atoms in the crystal in the higher energy states...
...magnetic field surrounding the crystal and impurities introduced into the crystal make three discrete energy level available. A special generator directs microwave radiation towards the crystal so that electrons are continuously "pumped" from the first to the third level. The crystal is kept cold so that the maximum number of electrons is kept at the highest level...
...actual maser in use on the radio telescope at the University's Harvard, Mass., Observatory is contained in a box about four feet long and one foot wide and deep. The crystal that is the heart of the maser is a synthetic ruby placed between the two poles of a magnet and kept in a both of liquid helium at a temperature about two degrees above absolute zero(--491* Fahrenheit...
...Performers who had been worried about the open theater's acoustics soon learned to forget their fears. The Romans had staged dramas, musical contests and water ballets at Caesarea, and the ancient impresarios knew their business. In the slow second movement, sustained, vibrant notes, clear and fragile as crystal, rippled to the topmost rows of the semicircular theater. Not a nuance was lost to the wind; it was as if Casals were playing in his own study...
Under the great crystal chandeliers of Vienna's Neue Hofburg palace finance ministers and bankers from the 73 Western, African and Asian nations belonging to the International Monetary Fund last week grappled with a problem inconceivable only five years ago. The underlying-though unconfessed-preoccupation of the Vienna meeting; how to keep the U.S. dollar from being bullied by the newly muscular currencies of France, West Germany, Italy and Japan...