Word: cutoffs
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Other, less perilous problems could turn Apollo 8 from a space spectacular into a humdrum engineering flight. Allowing for such contingencies as the failure of a backup system, an inadvertent early cutoff of the S-4B rocket while it is blasting Apollo toward the moon or unusually intense radiation from the sun, NASA has devised a number of alternative flight plans. Thus, Apollo 8 might merely remain in earth orbit, duplicating Apollo 7's eleven-day flight. It could also loop out as far as 25,000 miles from the earth and then descend into a low earth orbit...
Later in the summer the House Education and Labor Committee tried to weaken Wyman's automatic ban by letting colleges deny aid funds to students at their own discretion. Another Republican, William J. Scherle of Iowa, fought on the House floor to restore the mandatory cutoff. Again a coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats prevailed...
Congressional anger at students was so strong that a Senate-House conference was afraid to remove the ban completely. The relatively liberal conferees softened it to allow universities to act as they wish, but the cutoff provision still stands as an expression of the strong feeling in Congress...
When President Johnson announced the partial halt of North Viet Nam air strikes March 31, he left the strong impression that the bombers would be confined to areas just north of the 17th parallel and the Demilitarized Zone dividing North and South. But he left the cutoff line vague on State Department advice, and the vagueness was deliberate. State strategists figured that the impact on world opinion would be greatest if immediately after his statement the bombing frontier was dramatically cut back to the vicinity of the 17th parallel. Diplomats assumed that the Pentagon would understand these motives...
Praise & Disillusion. For a little while, a shadow fell on that sincerity. In preliminary drafts of the speech-and in the advance word given to congressional leaders and foreign powers including Britain, the Soviet Union and France-the 20th parallel cutoff point was explicitly stated. That specific was deleted from the final speech on the ground that Washington should retain some flexibility; thus many listeners inferred that the bombing would continue only in the area immediately north of the Demilitarized Zone. The day after the speech, U.S. bombers ranged more than 200 miles into North Viet Nam to raid...