Word: das
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...comparison of Papanek's optimistic view of Pakistan (expressed in his 1967 book, Pakistan's Development) with the present-day genocidal reality raises important questions--specific questions about the role of the DAS is Pakistan and more general questions about the dominant ideology of development advising...
...licensing provisions have grown into large monopolies reaping windfall returns to capital of 50 on upwards to 100 per cent. Two-thirds of industrial profits are controlled by 20 to 30 families in West Pakistan. The developers created this class of "robber barons" (in the words of the DAS' Papanek) with the expectation that they would have a high rate of savings out of their surplus income that they would reinvest. This reinvestment would increase the capital stock, raise the GNP and trickle benefits down to the rest of the nation...
...DAS was one of many agencies and governments that played roles in the tragedy of Pakistan's development. It is difficult to evaluate the importance of the DAS' role in determining development strategy, but even one of its harshest critics, Arthur MacEwan, assistant professor of Economics, agreed that "the DAS was in no sense decisive in Pakistan." The DAS was involved in Pakistan form the middle fifties until it left the country in 1970. It provided no financial aid to Pakistan, but served as members of and technical advisors to the country's planning commission...
According to MacEwan, "the DAS did not contradict the dominant trend of thought concerning development policy in Pakistan, but instead acted as one more buttress to the elitist theory of development and provided important technical expertise necessary to the implementation of that theory...
MacEwan added that "the DAS reinforced the creation of the present totalitarian government in West Pakistan. It was one of many forces working in that direction...