Word: demand
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...this situation, it is not unnatural that ordinary men should demand of intellectuals some symbol of commitment or loyalty. And it is precisely as symbol that they do demand it in the Act in question. It is an assurance they seek. They are not out to produce loyalty as an effect; for such an effect could not be achieved by any device, let alone this. Nor are they out to eliminate potential traitors, who might even welcome the opportunity to deceive. Loyalty oaths of this type are plainly not utilities; but they are not for that merely irrational...
Motivation also plays an important part in hypnotic reactions. No one can be successfully hypnotized unless he is willing, and in an experiment the subject often is motivated by what Dr. Orne calls "the demand characteristics of the situation." In an experiment, for instance, the subject feels he has to cooperate with the experimenter for "the sake of science," and thus his behavior in trance is motivated by a desire to help the hypnotist...
...past, one of the problems has been that two experimenters doing the same thing have obtained different results. Dr. Orne feels this can be explained by the fact that the experimenter conveys to the subject by means of subtle clues in the experiment (the demand characteristics) what he expects the subject to do. Since subjects want to cooperate, they are sensitive to these cues and will perform in such a way as to confirm the experimenter's expectations...
...these experiments, however, there has been a constant effort to minimize and control this confusing element in hypnotic research. Contrary to many ideas, the individual even in the deepest hypnosis is aware of his actions to some degree. And since an individual is conscious of his actions, these demand characteristics may be major determinants of his behavior in the hypnotic state...
...constant contact with people active in business, labor and government, filled nine books and countless articles with a hard-headed faith in the buoyancy of the U.S. economy, condoned inflation as the price of increased productivity, and even (1959) urged a $3 billion annual federal deficit to sustain demand; of a kidney ailment; in Boston. A startlingly accurate economic prophet, Slichter usually championed the minority view. When his fellow economists took a leaf from Marx and gloomily predicted the stagnation of a mature economy in the '30s, Slichter forecast the growth of the '40s. When his colleagues prepared...