Word: deng
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...venturing beyond the confines of Maoism over the past eight years, Deng's great undertaking has, perhaps predictably, come in for some rough challenges. Disagreement lingers between the reformers, who are experimenting at the very margins of Marxism, and conservatives wedded to Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy and Maoist collectivism. Communes have been abolished, central planning reduced, party and government bureaucrats replaced by technocrats. Deng's innovations, rooted in the premise of "building socialism with Chinese characteristics," have stirred apprehension among China's Old Guard that the Communist Party's dominance could eventually be endangered. How much ideology can a country shed...
...largely autonomous companies that offer bonuses or other incentives to workers if warranted by profits. In Poland, some 75% of farming is in private hands, as are some small restaurants and shops. But never before has a Communist state challenged the tenets of Marxist economics as fundamentally as has Deng's China. Soviet officials may complain that the Chinese have "gone too far," but such criticism leaves the reformers undeterred. Says a Chinese party leader: "We should never regard Marx's theory as some kind of immutable, sacred and inviolable thing...
...this does not mean that China is about to embrace capitalism full tilt. Deng and his collaborators have stretched Marxism as it has not been stretched before, but they have yet to define the political and economic structure they seek in its stead. "The Chinese are not sure where they are going," says a Western economist who has served as a consultant in Peking. "There seems to be no overall plan." Deng's goal, pragmatic to the core, is to pursue whatever makes China strong...
Official opinion continues to vacillate. Deng has declared that talk of capitalism "cannot harm us," but he has also cautioned that China must "combat the corrosive influence of capitalist ideas." At one point, the People's Daily pronounced that the world had changed so much since the days of Marx and Lenin that "we cannot expect (their) works to solve our present-day problems." A few days later, following angry and anxious cries that the paper had renounced the country's very ideology, the People's Daily backpedaled. It had meant to say, it explained in a retraction, only that...
...south of Canton. The zones were created in 1979 to attract foreign investment and foster export trade while concentrating foreign influences in coastal areas. Shenzhen, Zhuhai and two other such zones apparently performed less satisfactorily than expected. As a consequence, plans for 14 similar enclaves were scaled back. Where Deng once described Shenzhen as a major element in his economic program, he now talked of it as an "experiment." "We hope it will succeed," he said. "But if it fails, we will draw lessons from...