Word: designer
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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After Army service in the early 1950s, Drapkin returned to TIME to become involved in all of the magazine's graphic areas, from photo assignments to cover design. He was named picture editor in 1978. Since then his photographers have won scores of major awards, including the coveted Overseas Press Club Robert Capa Gold Medal seven times. As he looks back on his 35 years with TIME, Drapkin marvels at the strides photojournalism has made. "Our color deadline has gone from five weeks to mere hours. Technology has allowed us to meet more challenges and be better journalists than ever...
Known simply as the "direct method," the Karle-Hauptman system has extensive practical and medical applications. More than 45,000 small molecules have been analyzed with its aid, including such basic substances as hormones and vitamins. Most recently, the method has been used to design new antibiotics and vaccines. Says Swedish Chemist Ingvar Lindqvist, a member of % the Nobel Committee: "It is not possible to name fields in chemistry where the method is not used...
...beam is aimed at a crystal. As the beam travels through it, the crystal's atoms diffract, or scatter, the rays, producing fuzzy spots of varying intensity on film. The resulting diffraction pattern looks something like strings of beads. Although each type of crystal creates a distinctive design, the patterns are extremely intricate and were once very difficult to interpret. To get beyond the primitive and tedious practice of scrutinizing the film, Karle and Hauptman contrived a complex statistical formula that takes the position and brightness of the separate spots and "reconstructs" them into a three- dimensional picture...
...Klitzing's breakthrough, which bears directly on the design of semiconductors, was based on a discovery in 1879 by Edwin Herbert Hall, an American physicist. Hall had observed that electricity traveling through a metallic strip is diverted to one side when a magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the flow of the current. A measurement of that diverted current is known as Hall voltage. Von Klitzing expected to find that Hall voltage in semiconductors is affected by the material from which they are composed. To his astonishment, Von Klitzing discovered that a measure of the voltage did not depend...
...disturbed by the results. "We are quite concerned that the general education requirements have declined to the extent they have," said Jeffrey D. Thomas, an official at the NEH who helped design the survey...