Word: detective
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...such projects have many nonclassified aspects that provide valuable training for Ph.D. candidates. At Michigan, for example, classified electronics research has produced at least 30 doctorates. There is also considerable nonmilitary fallout from secret work. A 26-acre antenna built at Stanford to help the U.S. learn how to detect enemy missile launches was used by Stanford Electrical Engineer Von R. Eshleman to bounce the first radar signals off the sun.* Classified research at Michigan helped Emmett N. Leith develop the new science of holography (see SCIENCE), which uses laser light to produce three-dimensional images with potential uses...
...there were differences in results. Although the Russians did not detect a Venusian magnetic field, Mariner discovered slight magnetic activity that could have come either from a field less than 1/300th the strength of earth's or simply from the interaction between the solar wind and the Venusian ionosphere. The Russians at first reported that carbon dioxide comprised 98% of the Venusian atmosphere, but later revised the figure down to between 90% and 95%, closer to Mariner's reported 72% to 87%. And while Mariner could find no evidence of oxygen in the atmosphere, the Venus 4 capsule...
...scientists, who had been at a loss to explain preliminary Venus 4 reports that there was no nitrogen in the Venusian atmosphere (nitrogen accounts for 78% of terrestrial air). Backing off slightly, the Soviet scientists explained that the nitrogen-gas analyzer aboard the capsule had a "signal-detection threshold" of 7%; thus it would have been unable to detect smaller percentages...
Picasso? As any viewer would easily detect, the painter seems as out of place in TV's barrage of hard news as a hippie at a hoedown. And that is a pity, for TV too often slights its coverage of the arts. Aware of that, NBC has countered with a one-woman cultural explosion named Aline Saarinen, a 53-year-old grandmother who is TV's best specialist on the subject...
...portrait sitter. After Mumler, a deluge of spirit photographers, most notably Mssrs. Beattie, Hudson and Bournsell of London, Duguid of Glasgow, Bland of Johannesburg, Wyllie of California, and Buguet of Paris, practiced widely and appear to have been extensively if carelessly investigated by photographic experts who failed to detect them in fraud. It is only fair to note that these early spirit photographers seem to have operated largely by their own lights, without anything resembling scientific control, and that even confirmed believers in psychic phenomena doubted their results, suggesting an ample variety of ways that a middling to clever fraud...