Word: developed
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Beginning in the '70s, women began to elbow their way into the field and develop serious alternatives to the old, male-centered theory of human evolution. It shouldn't matter, of course, what sex the scientist is, but women had their own reasons for being suspicious of the dominant paradigm. The first revisionist blow came in the mid-'70s, when anthropologists Adrienne Zihlman and Nancy Tanner pointed out that among surviving "hunting" peoples, most of the community's calories--up to 70%--come from plant food patiently gathered by women, not meat heroically captured by men. The evidence for Stone...
Each year in the U.S. about 13,000 women develop cervical cancer and 4,800 die, making it the 11th leading cancer killer of American women. In 40% of newly diagnosed cases, the cancer has spread far enough that it requires treatment with radiation, says Dr. Edward Trimble, a gynecological oncologist at the NCI. "If all those women also received chemotherapy, we could probably save 1,000 to 2,000 lives" a year, he notes...
...drugs. Ever since the introduction in the 1950s of the Pap-smear test, which allows doctors to detect changes in the cervix before the tissue becomes malignant, both the incidence of cervical cancer and its death rate have plummeted in industrialized countries. (One out of two American women who develop invasive cervical cancer have not had a Pap test in the preceding five years.) Unfortunately, cervical cancer is more common in poorer parts of the world, and among underinsured and uninsured Americans...
...reduce the risk of cervical cancer, all women should get a Pap smear annually, starting at 18 or whenever they first have sex. (More than 90% of cervical cancers are caused by a common virus that is sexually transmitted, although only a fraction of infected women develop the malignancy.) If you have normal tests three years in a row, you may, at your doctor's discretion, begin having them less frequently. But don't be fooled into thinking you no longer need a Pap smear after menopause. As long as you have a cervix, you need to get tested...
DIED. GERTRUDE ELION, 81, pioneer researcher and Nobel prizewinner; in Chapel Hill, N.C. She helped develop the first drugs to combat leukemia and herpes effectively, and oversaw the development of AZT, used to treat AIDS...