Word: development
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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When tests screen for HIV, they are determining the presence of antibodies to the HIV virus. Once infected, a person enters the window period in which they develop the antibodies...
...Phonics," Goodman once wrote, "is a flat-earth view of the world, since it rejects modern science about reading and writing and how they develop." Apparently, though, it is the whole-language advocates who reject what modern science has to say about reading--which is that readers do attend to every letter, that phonics taught in isolation is effective and that poor readers rely on context, while good readers do not. Thus by encouraging guessing, a whole-language teacher is reinforcing a bad habit. As for the idea that written language is acquired as naturally as oral language, that...
...Houston, illustrates how phonics instruction can help the most disadvantaged students. Mading is in one of the city's poorest neighborhoods; 96% of the pupils are African American. Many come from homes that do not contain a single book. For 10 minutes a day, Cox does exercises that develop phonemic awareness. She goes around and around the class, sounding words out, breaking them into phonemes, then reassembling, or "blending," them. "Cuh-ast," she says, "cast. Fuh-ill, fill." And how well are Cox's pupils learning to read and write? Earlier, one named Denise stood at the blackboard: "I like...
Also, over the past half-century, we have had to develop a national marketplace in personnel, and this has required the development of uniform educational standards. Everything from the peer-review system in science to the SATs and ACTs is part of an effort to find ways of comparing students and schools from all over the country. That most of these efforts aren't explicitly run by the federal Department of Education should not obscure their nationalizing effect. Few high schools would dare proclaim that they weren't going to prepare their students for the SATs. But American education...
ECONOMICS: Robert Merton and Myron Scholes. The $1 million prize the two academics will share may seem like small change compared with the $148 billion stock-options market their work helped create. Merton, of Harvard, and Scholes, of Stanford, were honored last week for helping develop and refine in the 1970s the breakthrough formula commonly used today to price stock options and other so-called derivatives. Their financial acumen had earlier been rewarded (presumably quite amply) through their partnership in a successful Connecticut-based hedge fund...