Word: development
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Shander is not put off by such fears. "Medicine is very conservative," he says, "which can be good, since it protects doctors against going along with every unproved technique that comes along. But it's imperative that we develop a mind-set where we look at refusing blood not as an obstacle but as a challenge...
Today, as head of the Division of Respirology at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont., O'Byrne, 46, works in a most unusual way to develop treatments for allergy-related asthma. In most of his studies, he himself is a test subject, periodically doing "challenges"--inhaling allergens to give himself short episodes of asthma. He has even examined his own bone marrow and tissue biopsied from his airways and lungs. "I'm a good subject," he says, "because I'm on time, and I do the test properly...
...official when it recommended antibiotics for the treatment of ulcer patients who have the bacteria. Marshall has since received several prizes, including the Lasker Award in 1995, and is now a professor at the University of Virginia, where he founded a Helicobacter and intestinal immunology research center. He helped develop tests for H. pylori--which may also be implicated in some stomach cancers--and is now working on formulating simpler tests. Encouraged by the recent deciphering of H. pylori's genome, he is also continuing work on developing a vaccine to combat his favorite bacteria...
Though HD afflicts just 25,000 Americans, with 125,000 more at risk, it illustrates the growing urgency to develop sound genetic-testing practices. As medical researchers race toward completing a map of the human genome, with its estimated 50,000 to 100,000 genes, they are discovering new genes, their role in specific diseases, and new diagnostic tests--all at a breathtaking pace. Within 30 years, researchers expect to be able to produce a genetic "fingerprint" of an individual's potential future health that will enable doctors to wage pre-emptive battle. Already, testing before any symptoms appear makes...
...female Phlebotomus orientalis sand fly, which passes the deadly protozoan to humans in an unusual manner (see box). The tiny insect, which cannot fly very high or far, inhabits the vast, red acacia forests, where it bites its victims in order to get protein-rich blood to develop its eggs. When female sand flies bit people driven by war or famine into the forests from areas where kala-azar was already endemic, the flies picked up the disease themselves, ready to be passed...