Word: diagramming
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...seemed all conquering. But Dr. Ruth Nussenzweig of N.Y.U. continued to pursue a malaria vaccine, a goal many viewed as impossible. The malaria bug presented unique obstacles. The first was the complex life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite, which is in a sense three bugs in one (see diagram): the sporozoite, which enters the human bloodstream when an infected mosquito bites; the merozoite, which invades the red blood cells and causes the disease's chills and fever; and the gametocyte, which, when ingested by a biting mosquito, reproduces inside the insect and yields a new generation of sporozoites...
...USED to be that political scientists found it was pretty simple to sketch a diagram of the spectrum of political systems and beliefs. You drew a straight line: to the extreme left was communism, to the extreme right facism. The happy medium, not surprisingly, was Western-style democracy...
Most refinements of this understanding have come about in the past 20 years. Today scientists have a fair idea of what happens physiologically when, for example, the big toe collides with a large, solid object. Not surprisingly, the pain message originates at the point of contact (see diagram). It begins with the release of a number of potent chemicals that are normally stored in or near nerve endings for use on just such clumsy occasions. Among these chemicals are the mysterious substance P (for pain), prostaglandins and bradykinin, probably the most painful substance known to man-just a tiny amount...
...Canada, is performed in a doctor's office under local anesthesia. The plastic surgeon or dermatologist makes an incision in the crown and then tugs firmly on the scalp, pulling hair-covered areas from the sides of the head toward the bare area on top (see diagram). A section of the bald scalp is cut away, and the incision is closed with stitches. The 60-min. procedure may be repeated to reduce further the size of the bald spot, which is eventually filled in with transplanted plugs. The approximate cost of surgery each time: $1,200. However, says...
...world of viruses. Since the turn of the century, scientists have known that certain types of viruses can cause cancer in cats, chickens, cows and other animals. Like all viruses, these cancer agents cannot reproduce unless they infiltrate a host cell and commandeer its reproductive machinery (see diagram). What makes the viruses distinctive is that their genes are composed of RNA rather than DNA, the genetic molecule found in most living things. Because RNA is a kind of mirror image of DNA, the viruses are called retroviruses...