Word: dissented
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South Korea's Park Chung-Hee has twice used martial law as a means of crushing dissent. Taiwan has never done so, but under a 30-year-old state of emergency the government can detain suspected opponents and try them in secret military courts. During the first year of Chile's state of siege following the 1973 overthrow of Marxist President Salvador Allende, an estimated 33,000 people disappeared or were killed. Pakistan is ruled by a "martial law administrator," General Zia ul-Haq, though his ministries are now headed by civilians. Nigeria, Ghana and Sudan all have...
...exceedingly transparent front it was too. The village du livre, a vast tent that is the traditional showcase for Marxist authors' latest books, was barely large enough to contain the hubbub of dissent and debate that has raged through the party since last spring's electoral disaster. The brooding began in April, when Communist Secretary-General Georges Marchais came under widespread attack in party ranks as the cause of the disaster. Critics charged that party leaders' autocratic exercise of "democratic centralism"-the party's code word for unquestioned rule from the top-had provoked the split...
Meanwhile, corruption persisted. Commissions of 10% on arms sales regularly went to generals, ministers and others in the Shah's court and government. The total prohibition of the right to dissent and documented reports of torture led Amnesty International in 1975 to conclude that "no country in the world has a worse record in human rights than Iran." The Shah's instinctive dislike of democracy led him that same year to end the country's two-party system and establish the Rastakhiz (National Resurgence Party) as Iran's sole political organization...
Today the patchwork is in shreds. At every level its members are beset by serious, interrelated troubles, and some leaders fear the great game is in danger of being lost. Iran, for all its pretensions to being a modern arsenal, is torn by internal dissent. Insofar as the nation is able to look outward, it is the only regional CENTO power that regards the Soviet Union as its principal enemy...
Iranians, meanwhile, complain bitterly about the Carter human rights campaign, which they feel has spurred on the opposition that now threatens the survival of the Shah. There is scarce evidence that the human rights policy significantly influenced the outbreak of dissent in Iran, but the official perception?and resentment?is very real...