Word: dna
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...take some doing. When scientists launched the project in 1990, they estimated it was going to take 15 years and cost $3 billion to map the 60,000 to 80,000 human genes and sequence the 3 billion or so chemical code letters in the genome--the tangle of DNA crammed into the nucleus of each human cell...
...Project does, Venter plans to use what he calls whole-genome shotgunning. Essentially, he will put the entire genome in a dicer that will chop it into millions of segments. These chunks will be fed into 230 newly developed Perkins-Elmer robotic machines that will identify and sequence the DNA code letters in each segment. The company claims that they are 10 times more efficient than current sequencing machines and allow human operators to input in 15 minutes what used to take 24 hours...
...Mississippi. He formed the White Knights because the more widely known klan, the United Klans of America, led by Robert Shelton, was not "aggressive" enough in resisting the civil rights movement. The White Knights looked on the United Klans as "sissies." I hope some of Pol Pot's DNA has been saved. A comparison with the DNA of Bowers would show that they are related. EDWARD C. SMITH JR. Folsom...
...Hundreds of genes play a role in this process, and more than three dozen have been identified as playing a role in cancer. Some are like accelerators, telling cells to grow, grow, grow. Others put the brakes on growth. Some regulate steps in cell division to make sure that DNA is copied correctly from mother to daughter cell. Some play executioner, killing mutant cells in which the copying has gone awry. Cancer is caused by errors in these genes, usually multiple errors. Though some of these errors may be inherited, most are acquired during years of living. Sunlight, cigarette smoke...
...bear little resemblance to today's chemotherapy. Drugs will be precisely tailored to the individual tumor, and the cancers themselves will be described not by the site they attack--breast cancers, lung cancers, etc.--but by the genes they express. The National Cancer Institute is at work creating a DNA library of tumor types, a long-range project called C-GAP (Cancer Genome Anatomy Project). But it will be years before this library can be put to practical use. "It took 20 years to make testing for hormone receptors routine in breast-cancer patients," notes UCLA's Slamon. It will...