Word: dna
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...this month, UCSF researchers have done about 20% of the initial DNA analysis and have found more than a dozen variants, which are now being screened in cells. The scientists on tap to look for variants that haven't been analyzed yet, says Herskowitz, "are chomping at the bit, saying, 'When is my gene going to be done...
Nowhere has Silicon Valley had a more direct impact on biology than in the invention of the miniature laboratory bench known as the DNA microarray. Microarrays detect active genes by exploiting the fact that when the two strands of a gene in the double-stranded DNA molecule are separated, each can readily pick its partner out of a crowd of similar molecules. In a typical microarray, thousands of single-stranded gene fragments are fastened to a platform--usually a silicon or glass wafer but sometimes a nylon sheet. The finished assemblage can be as small as a postage stamp...
...probe cellular gene activity en masse, scientists first isolate the molecules that translate genes into proteins. They then copy these molecules into their corresponding DNA sequences, tag those sequences with fluorescent markers and pour the tagged sequences over the microarray. Active genes in this biochemical stew stick like Velcro to their single-stranded partners on the chip, creating patterns of fluorescent dots that reveal which genes are turned on. "This technology has fundamentally altered how we explore biology," says Dr. Olli Kallioniemi of the NIH, who studies gene expression in cancers...
...DNA Want to join the genetic revolution? Fill out a questionnaire and provide a blood sample, and you can donate your DNA for genetic-disease research at www.dna.com Run by DNA Sciences, the site has drawn 4,500 volunteers so far, and is hoping for a total of 100,000 samples...
...race, so that as soon as drug developers launch a new weapon--an antibiotic, for example--their microbial foes respond by shoring up their own defenses. Sometimes bacteria and parasites undergo random mutations that spontaneously confer resistance. More frequently, they acquire survival-enhancing characteristics in the process of exchanging DNA with other microbes that have already developed resistance...