Word: dogmas
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Pressure & Conformity. Academic freedom has two historic liens on it in the U.S. Most U.S. colleges were founded by churches, and dogma long kept a restraining hand on evidential inquiry. Then came state universities, dominated by legislatures and Governors, who control the purse strings. Vulnerable to doctrinal or political pressures, professors have been fired for views on everything from slavery and secession to Darwin and free silver to sex and Cuba...
...XIII cautiously encouraged Catholic scholars to join in the scientific investigation of Scripture begun by Protestant Germany's "Higher Critics." It was a false dawn. Under Leo's successor, Pius X (1903-14). church officials took arms against the heresy of modernism-which taught that Catholic dogma should be revised in the light of progress made by science and philosophy -and Bible scholars proved to be handy targets. Some found their writings placed on the Index; the top Catholic scholar of his day, Dominican Father Marie Joseph Lagrange, was dismissed from his teaching posts and for a time...
...Biblical research among the hierarchy. At the Vatican Council, a majority of bishops voted against a schema on the sources of revelation, prepared by Holy Office theologians, that would have rigorously distinguished between Scripture and tradition; Biblical scholars and most "liberal" theologians see them as a single source of dogma. In December the members of a theological commission assigned to formulate the schema on Scripture rejected a proposal signed by 19 conservative cardinals to impose new restrictions on Bible scholars. "Criticism can always be expected in any church," concludes Father de Vaux. "But honest study of the Bible can only...
...payments accounts, but will not say where these deficits lie or how changes in foreign aid might correct them, aside from approval of an existing policy to the funds to purchases of American goods. It dismisses debate of all the proposals for new international monetary arrangements with the grandiloquent dogma that: Upon international dollar convertability at the existing gold parity rest the international payments mechanism which has evolved since the war, the economic health and prosperity of the U.S. and its friends, and our role of political, economic, and financial leadership in the free world...
...Cordoba University in Argentina, rioting students refused to obey the school's administrators and demanded a voice in running things. They asked for relaxed entrance requirements, looser attendance rules, the virtual elimination of tuition. To eliminate narrow-minded professors who preached the dogma of the oligarchs, they also called for review of professorial qualifications...