Word: doubtfully
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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There were other factors more central to Arnall's defeat. The timely Atlanta riots--one week before the first primary--no doubt strengthened Maddox. Although he had much Atlanta big-business support, Arnall failed to receive endorsements from most major public officials, who played coy the whole way. Finally, Arnall was personally disliked by many people who simply could not stomach his inflated, exultant style...
...Birmingham, token integration of the police force simply had very little meaning. A lawyer who keeps in time with the grass-roots folks and frequently stops off at Ratkiller's on his way home from work remarked recently, "I see these Negro cops in there with whites. I doubt if any of them have any real authority to do anything...
...results of Birmingham's efforts will no doubt be less spectacular than Atlanta's. For one thing, Atlanta, which Birmingham still considers its chief rival, was becoming "the city too busy to hate" while Birmingham was re-electing Bull Connor. And even now, Birmingham officials will not be prone to make the sweeping statements of support for legislation that Atlanta Mayor Ivan Allen proudly puts forth. The powerful Birmingham businessmen who got Negro police warns, "We've got some pretty tough whites in this town...
Even Atlanta found, however, that statements which won the hearts and minds of the Negro middle class had little effect on the most alienated members of the Negro community. And Atlanta still has not learned how to reach those people. Mayor Allen was no doubt surprised to learn from his chief poverty official in the riottorn neighborhood around the Boulevard that the all-Negro staff of the local poverty program could first start trying to find out who was involved in the riot and why "as soon as it's safe...
...what Richard Wright called a "frog perspective," a tendency to define oneself by white man's standards: "If you ask an American Negro to describe his situation, he will almost always tell you, 'We are rising.' Against what or whom is he measuring his 'rising'? It is beyond doubt his hostile white neighbor...