Word: drugged
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...many older patients, protease inhibitors, available since 1995 and taken in combination with other antivirals, have kept HIV at below detectable levels. And while recent studies show that some HIV stubbornly hides from the drugs' reach, early evidence suggests that these sequestered strains may not be infectious. Drug holidays--brief respites from the grueling and complex medication regimen--are also being studied, since some patients who have voluntarily stopped their therapy have experienced no return of symptoms...
Still, the billions of dollars spent on AIDS research over the past 20 years has not been wasted. As scientists learn more about how HIV co-opts the human body to survive, they are realizing that drugs alone may not be enough. To contain the virus effectively, it may take a balance between drug therapy that keeps HIV levels low and a bolstered immune system that can then target and destroy the remaining virus. Until scientists find a vaccine, however, they may control but never cure the century's final scourge...
...While some adventurous early psychoanalysts thought they could quantify just what proportion of their analysands went away cured, improved or untouched by analytic therapy, such confident enumerations have more recently shown themselves untenable. The efficacy of analysis remains a matter of controversy, though the possibility of mixing psychoanalysis and drug therapy is gaining support...
...discovery that would change the course of history. The active ingredient in that mold, which Fleming named penicillin, turned out to be an infection-fighting agent of enormous potency. When it was finally recognized for what it was--the most efficacious life-saving drug in the world--penicillin would alter forever the treatment of bacterial infections. By the middle of the century, Fleming's discovery had spawned a huge pharmaceutical industry, churning out synthetic penicillins that would conquer some of mankind's most ancient scourges, including syphilis, gangrene and tuberculosis...
...identify and isolate substances from molds that could kill bacteria. The mission was inspired by the earlier work of Gerhard Domagk, who in 1935 showed that the injection of a simple compound, Prontosil, cured systemic streptococcal infections. This breakthrough demonstrated that invading bacteria could be killed with a drug and led to a fevered search in the late 1930s for similar compounds. Fleming's Penicillium notatum became the convenient starting point for Florey's team at Oxford...