Word: effective
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Southern cities in the early '60s, Charlottesville, Va., devised a school-zoning plan that produced de facto segregation. Elementary school pupils were assigned to neighborhood schools, but if members of their race were in the minority, they could transfer to schools where their own race was predominant. In effect, white students were invited to stay in white schools. When his court outlawed the practice as an evasion, Haynsworth joined in a dissent, arguing that the Constitution does not bar "the exercise of the personal tastes of the races in their associations." Later, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rejected such...
...desegregate teachers-in addition to students-a 3-to-2 majority of Haynsworth's court held upon appeal that a lower court did not have to consider the claim. Writing for the majority, Haynsworth said that the pupils had failed to show that teacher assignments based on race "effect a denial of their constitutional rights." Again, a unanimous Supreme Court reversed...
...three miles underground at intervals of twelve to 30 miles along a fault zone, the bombs would set off a series of relatively small shocks. Properly timed, these jolts would jog along the crust ever so slightly to release the forces working against it. The blasts would, in effect, be seismic safety valves, letting off small but significant amounts of pressure whenever an earthquake threatened...
...blessing. Instead, the Vatican quietly passed the word that the priests were to be denied meeting space on Catholic premises. Eventually, they were forced to meet at the Waldensian Protestant church near the Tiber. The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore delta Domenica observed that many of them had in effect already left the church they were purporting to liberate...
...able to compete aggressively against oil giants like Jersey Standard, Mobil and Texaco. As London's Financial Times commented last week: "The tragedy is that [U.S.] antitrust legislation was devised to encourage competition in the U.S. Yet the manner in which it is being implemented is having the effect of deterring European companies from entering the U.S. and so bringing with them a completely fresh wind of change...