Word: effective
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...five-to-four vote, the court up held a 142-year-old amendment to the Georgia constitution stipulating that no-majority gubernatorial elections be decided in the legislature. Similar provisions are now in effect in only two other states, Mississippi and Vermont, and no legislature has legally elected a governor since New Hampshire did so in 1913. Overruling a federal-districtcourt decision, the high court also rejected the view of dissenting Justice William O. Douglas that a legislature should not make the final choice "when the election has been entrusted to the people." Despite the fact that the Georgia assembly...
...meaningless requirement from being foisted on them. They first accepted effort reporting in 1963, when the National Institutes of Health adopted it as a requirement. The universities themselves offered it as a compromise in 1964, when they feared that the Bureau of the Budget was going to recommend, in effect, that professors fill out time cards. And they stood by in 1965 while a provision that would inevitably force more effort reporting was tacked onto educational appropriations in Congress. As a result, by last spring, all researchers benefitting from a Federal grant found themselves subject to the requirement...
...hundred research findings, going back to the beginnings of empirical research in educational psychology and sociology almost half a century ago. In a paper presented to the American Statistical Association this past summer, Dr. Peter Rossi summarized these findings as follows: "By and large, class size has no effect on the learning of students, with the possible exception of classes in the language arts...
...know that the experience of individual teachers often does so. I would further assume that it is possible that a really sharp reduction in class size might make a very great difference. But it is also possible that a really sharp increase in teachers' salaries might have even greater effect. I don't know. The point is that in making proposals of this kind, which call for a massive allocation of public funds, we ought to get into the habit of reviewing the research at the outset and stating our case for moving contrariwise if that is our wish...
...event, to propose spending the money on services which such research as we have suggests will produce little or no effect is to risk being thought ridiculous or worse by members of the public, and we would delude ourselves if we did not see that this judgement has already been reached by large numbers...