Word: effective
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Birmingham characterized the initial effect of the scores release as only creating an acrimonious environment...
...lower court ruled, in effect, that the Miranda warnings are only a constitutional suggestion, as opposed to a constitutional requirement, and that Congress nixed the required reading of the warnings when it passed an obscure law in 1968 that merely requires confessions to be "voluntary." Miranda supporters are particularly alarmed because, says Cohen, "the composition of the Supreme Court has changed dramatically since the Miranda ruling." He notes that "the high court has been quietly chipping away at defendants' rights for years." Several of today's more conservative Justices, some of whom are known to be hostile to Miranda...
Worst of all, marketability has a measurable effect on the athletic contests themselves. In college football last year, for example, Kansas State, a Cinderella team which was only double-over-time loss away from college football's national championship game, was knocked out the four most prestigious bowl games because the Wildcats did not have the drawing power of big-name football schools like Florida and Texas A&M. This in turn hit the university in its pocketbook: Kansas State, which would have made $12 million in a top-tier bowl game, instead drew a $1 million payout...
More students are becoming eligible for work-study programs as last fall's changes in financial aid take effect, according to the Office of Financial...
This move began a ripple effect through the final club system, and other clubs responded quickly to the A.D.'s decision...