Word: effective
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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Gawande disagrees with Pronovost's critique. "There's a synergy between the items on the checklist," he says. "Any one thing at any given time might not add up to much, but the net effect of all of it put together - especially making for more effective teamwork - matters...
...means that barring a swift and sudden reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions, by the end of the century an average July day will almost certainly be hotter than the hottest heat waves we experience now. And the extreme heat will wilt our crops. Battisti and Naylor looked at the effect that major heat waves have had on agriculture in the past - like the ruthless heat in Western Europe during the summer of 2003 - and found that crop yields have suffered deeply. In Italy, maize yields fell 36% in 2003, compared with the previous year, and in France they fell...
...true that as temperatures warm, there is likely to be a temporary beneficial effect on agriculture. Like people, plants generally prefer warmth to cold, and they may flourish with rising levels of CO2. But research from Wolfram Schlenker at Columbia University shows that, as average temperatures continue to warm, those benefits dwindle and eventually reverse, and crop yields begin to decline. "It simply becomes too hot for the growing plants," says Naylor. "The heat damages the crops' ability to produce enough yield...
What's more, in their study, Battisti and Naylor looked only at the effect of higher temperatures - not at the possible effect of changing precipitation patterns. Yet many climatologists believe that global warming will make dry areas dryer and further damage farming, which is especially dire news for sub-Saharan Africa, a region that already struggles with heat waves, droughts and famines even as population continues to grow. "Climate change is going to be a major concern for Africa," says Nteranya Sanginga, director of the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Nairobi...
...effect, the unregulated funds have to regulate themselves, and if there is fraud, the only recourse is to sue the unlicensed fund manager. Those investing under the SEC's amended rules have no recourse for recovery from the system that fathered them...