Word: effects
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...sociologists is that some members of stigmatized groups, when faced with stressful situations, expect themselves to do worse - a prophecy that fulfills itself. These expectations, which can occur even in otherwise fair (or fair-seeming) situations - such as, say, a standardized test - produce stress and threaten cognitive function. The effect is called "stereotype threat," and African-Americans, girls, even jocks have all been shown susceptible to stereotype threat. (See pictures of the world's most celebrated senior citizens...
...very people who Nesson had intended to recruit as expert witnesses for his side—had decried the idea. Fair use is typically assessed based on a four-factor test that includes such questions as how much of a particular published material is being copied and what effect the copying might have on the material’s value. Teachers re-producing a few paragraphs of a book for use in the classroom qualifies as “fair use.” Participation in a peer-to-peer file-sharing network, where songs are made available for download...
...little-used legal prerogative known as “jury nullification.” In old English common law, if a jury felt that a particular law was destructive to liberty, it could refuse to render a guilty verdict on the basis of that law—the effect being to side-step the question of whether a particular action is illegal by indicting the law itself. Nullification is a rare occurrence in the American judicial system, and in fact jurors are not allowed to be told that they have the capacity to nullify, precisely because it is such...
...past few years, researchers have challenged the effectiveness of Prozac and other SSRIs in several studies. For instance, a review published in the Journal of Affective Disorders in February attributed 68% of the benefit from antidepressants to the placebo effect. Likewise, a paper published in PLoS Medicine a year earlier suggested that widely used SSRIs, including Prozac, Effexor and Paxil, offer no clinically significant benefit over placebos for patients with moderate or severe depression. Meanwhile, pharmaceutical companies maintain that their research shows that SSRIs are powerful weapons against depression. (Here's a helpful blog post that summarizes the debate...
...jumped with both feet into the 140-character Twitterverse on May 1 with a one-sentence post on how Americans can learn about swine flu directly by joining social networks with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "We wanted to use these tools to some end, some effect, some public good," said Macon Phillips, the White House Director of New Media. (See the best social-networking applications...