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...happens to molten steel as it crystallizes into a solid. Klug soon turned his attention to biological systems, including the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin, and the structure of viruses, those tiny, protein-cloaked bits of genetic material that invade cells. One of his major achievements: developing new techniques of electron microscopy that provide three-dimensional views of the world of biological molecules...
...Beams of electrons have long been used to study the structural details of tiny organisms, but DNA and RNA, the molecules of the genes, do not lend themselves to such inspection. They consist mainly of light, simple atoms, which produce extremely faint images in an electron microscope. If they are subjected to extra-long exposures in the electron beams or are stained to improve contrast, their structure becomes distorted. Klug overcame this major obstacle by manipulating the images mathematically with the help of a computer. Among the viral structures discovered by his new method was that of a common plant...
Martin said the federal government usually pays for University research costs, mentioning that educational institutions provide salaries and teaching space, but not equipment. Computers, spectroscopes, and electron microscopes would not be available without assistance from the National Science Foundation, he added...
...whispered his way through labyrinths of elegant theory to explain what Rutherford demonstrated. Then, with Einstein ("the best company of all the great physicists") hovering above the scene, the rest of Snow's pantheon is Introduced. In France there was Louis de Broglie, daring to propose that electrons or even whole atoms could behave like waves. In Germany there was Werner Heisenberg, who postulated that the position of an electron could only be "statistically" predicted, never precisely ascertained. By his Uncertainty Principle, Heisenberg casually undermined the laws of causality on which classical physics was based, leaving Paul Dirac, back...
...select club of moneymen, the eventual winner will be the entire U.S. economy. The innovative companies that venture capitalists find and then foster will manufacture new products, provide jobs and increase productivity in the industries of the 21st century. Today's startups, which have names like Hybritech, Thermo Electron and Collasen, may some day join Eastern Air Lines, McDonnell Douglas and Apple Computer as the success stories of venture capital. -ByAlexander L. Taylor...