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...smaller stars in this galaxy). But this theory could not account for rays whose energy is above a critical limit. The galaxy's overall magnetic field can make fairly powerful rays curve enough to stay inside it, but if the rays acquire more than about 1018 (11billion billion) electron volts, the galactic field cannot hold them. Such rays will shoot off and be lost in intergalactic space. So cosmic-ray experts reason that if rays hit the earth with more than 1018 electron volts, they must come from some unknown accelerating force that works outside the galaxy...
...across 480,000 miles of space are fantastic. The greatest hazard is cosmic radiation. The U.S.'s interplanetary probe, Pioneer V, reported a sinister, unpredictable enemy lurking in space: wide-ranging "storms" of deadly proton particles, spewed forth by the sun, of such energy (up to 20 billion electron volts per particle) that they will easily penetrate the thickest protective shield...
...months the world's most powerful particle accelerator (or atom smasher) was at Geneva, Switzerland, generating a beam of protons with up to 28 Bev (billion electron-volts) of energy. Last week the energy championship came back to the U.S. At Brookhaven National Lab oratory, Long Island, the new alternating gradient synchroton, which scientists call AGS, was kicked up to full power for the first time, generating a proton beam that stayed steady at 30 Bev and hovered for short periods as high as 31 Bev, accelerating particles at rates only a fraction below the 186,300 miles...
...ring-shaped metal tube 7 in. wide and 3 in. high, which is pumped free of air. Bursts of protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms) are shot into the tube by a smaller accelerator, and the magnets guide them around its half-mile circuit. Entering with 50 Mev (million electron-volts) of energy, the protons are grabbed by quickly shifting electrical forces and accelerated to their fantastic speeds...
...will help produce an eight-part series on viruses, promising money in the bank as well as prizes. The cast: Nobel Prizewinner Wendell M. Stanley, director of Berkeley's Virus Laboratory, his top aides, and as many life-and-death-affecting organisms as they can film through an electron microscope. These wonders will not be confined to loyal locals who keep KQED going 40 hours a week. KQED will sell the films to the National Educational Television and Radio Center to distribute to 43 ETV stations across the country...