Word: electronized
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...search quickly led to the same technology that produced that tiny workhorse of modern electronics, the transistor, which owes its success to a class of materials called semiconductors. These are crystalline substances that will readily conduct an electric current only if they are contaminated -or, in technical jargon, "doped" -with other substances that give them either a surplus or deficit of electrons. Moreover, if two dissimilar semiconductors are joined together-one with a shortage of negatively charged electrons (known as a P-type because it has a positive charge), the other with an electron abundance (or N-type because...
...assembled scientists and technicians had every reason for jubilation. After many plaguing problems, the world's largest atom smasher had reached its programmed energy level of 200 billion electron volts (GeV).* That was not only the most powerful beam ever achieved by an accelerator, but also far surpassed the former record achieved by the Russians in their 76 GeV machine outside Moscow. Just back from congressional appropriations hearings in Washington, NAL'S beleaguered director, Physicist Robert R. Wilson, happily passed out champagne in goblets saved for the occasion and emblazoned with...
...take a toll: the proton's mass becomes much larger than that of the stationary targets. Much of the proton's energy is spent simply in pushing the target particle. The Soviet Union's giant Serpukhov atom smasher, for example, accelerates protons to 70 billion electron volts, but the actual useful energy on impact is only 12BeV...
...spectacular energy bonus caused by the effects of relativity. Because the velocity of the particles nears the speed of light, their mass increases dramatically. As a result, the 28-BeV protons collide with an energy equivalent to that produced by a conventional accelerator of nearly 1,500 billion electron volts...
...peer more deeply into that hidden world-in which more than 100 strange subnuclear particles have already been discovered -scientists have been forced to build ever more powerful atom smashers. Trouble is, the cost of such monsters is now so high-$250 million, for example, for the 500-billion-electron-volt (BeV) accelerator now nearing completion at Batavia, Ill.-that high-energy physicists are anxiously looking for alternate ways of getting a bigger bang for increasingly scarce bucks...