Word: electrons
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...start, they are trying to make a rectifier, a simple device for changing the periodically reversing flow of electrons in alternating current (AC) into the one-way flow of direct current (DC). Like the cathode in ordinary vacuum tubes, one end of the molecular rectifier would act as a donor of electrons because it would be made out of a molecule that had a lower binding energy. The other end, carrying a higher binding energy, would serve as an anode, or electron acceptor. Thus, if an external alternating voltage were applied, the large molecule would act as a rectifier...
Schmitt pioneered the use of X-ray diffraction and polarization optics to explore the inner workings of cells, and studied molecular biology before the term was invented. Head of the team that was first in the U.S. to use an electron microscope for studying biological tissues, he is also well known for his work on collagen, the clear protein material that fills the spaces between cells...
...menacing form depicted in this dramatic photograph is not some giant glob of man-eating protoplasm from a science-fiction film. It is actually a hamster's kidney cell magnified 15,000 times by a scanning electron microscope. Such scientific snapshots taken by Caltech Biologist Jean-Paul Revel may offer an important clue to a mystery that has long puzzled scientists: how a living cell moves across a surface. The cell's perambulations, Revel says, are apparently made possible by a strange phenomenon called "ruffling...
Hula-Hoop. "An engineer's dream come true," exulted NASA Boss James Fletcher. He had every reason to be proud. Pioneer had not only survived its encounter with electron intensities 1,000,000 times greater than those in the earth's own radiation belts but continued to radio back data after the historic encounter. Indeed, if Pioneer's tiny nu clear power packs and instruments keep functioning, the spacecraft's signals may well be received on earth until it reaches the orbit of the planet Uranus about 14 years from now. What is more, Pioneer...
...Research and Development Center in Schenectady, N.Y. The other half goes to Welsh-born Brian D. Josephson, 33, of Cambridge University. In a series of brilliant experiments and calculations, the three scientists explored different aspects of a phenomenon that has become increasingly significant in modern electronics: electron "tunneling," the passage of electrons through insulating material that, according to classical physics, they should not be able to penetrate...