Word: electrons
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...analyze them. Science's heavy artillery comes in two different forms. One is the linear accelerator, which shoots the particles down a long, straight tube. The largest of these is the two-mile-long machine at Stanford University, which recently had its power increased to 22 billion electron volts.* The other, more common form is the circular accelerator, which whips particles round a ring-shaped tunnel to get them up to speed. With the monster at Batavia not yet in operation, the world's most powerful atom smasher is the Soviets' 76 billion-electron-volt accelerator near...
...Nature, Astrophysicist Robert M. Hjellming of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green Bank, W. Va., argues the possibility of holes that are the complete antithesis of black holes. Such opposites are common enough-for example, the negatively charged electron and its antimatter version, the positively charged positron. But Hjellming's white holes are more than simply mirror images of black holes. They are sources of matter that could literally come from out of this world...
...1940s, however, the molecular biologists had come on the scene, and they insisted that fundamental life processes could be fully understood only on the molecular level. In their investigations, some used the electron microscope, which revealed details of structure invisible to ordinary optical instruments. Others specialized in X-ray crystallography, a technique for deducing a crystallized molecule's structure by taking X-ray photographs of it from different angles. Physicist Max Delbrück turned to nature for his investigative tools: bacteriophages (literally, "bacteria eaters"), tiny parasitic viruses that invade their host bacteria and rob them of their genetic heritage...
...steam-engine-development contract to a small firm in Newton, Mass., called Steam Engine Systems, or SES. Similar contracts to develop non-steam, low-pollution vapor engines using organic fluids like fluronol instead of water have gone to California's Aerojet-General Corp. and Thermo Electron of Waltham, Mass. The environmental agency expects to hold a competitive runoff by year's end to determine which of the three engines merits additional federal money...
...hind in a variety of fields. Japan and Europe are far ahead in establishing fast, new train networks and Mexico City has completed a subway system "that is both a great feat of engineering and a work of art." In high-energy physics, Italian scientists using a colliding-beam electron accelerator have come upon "what may be a new phenomenon in the creation of matter from energy, which seems to go beyond present physical theory." France, the Soviet Union and Switzerland are all at work testing the discovery on similar accelerators, but the U.S. has only one such machine...