Word: electrons
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Koshland's theory seems to provide the answer to the enigma. The reason that enzymes are so effective, he suggests, is that they hold a molecule's constituent atoms at the proper orientation for joining. By this "orbital steering," he explains, enzymes align the outermost electrons spinning around each atom so that they can readily be shared with other atoms. Such electron sharing is at the heart of all chemical reactions...
...holders," which are in effect chemical vises. After many attempts, they hit upon a holder that gripped the ethyl alcohol and acetic acid so that they were properly oriented for combination; thus when the molecules met, their reacting oxygen and carbon atoms were always at the correct angle for electron snaring-and the reaction took place a million times faster. By "steering" the individual atoms, Koshland concluded, the holder molecule had apparently duplicated the exact role of an enzyme...
After setting up sophisticated detectors to monitor their results, a team ol physicists led by Albert Ghiorso used the University of California's Lawrence Radiation Laboratory's heavy-ion linear accelerator (HILAC) to shoot nitrogen 15 nuclei with an energy level of 84 million electron volts at a submicroscopic bit of californium 249. Although a constant stream of nuclei was directed at the target, only about six collisions per hour produced atoms of the new element...
...probably ask where the money for such an undertaking would come from. But what do we need money for.? Marble pillars.? A boat-house? A spacious campus with a chapel? An electron accelerator? A computer for our political science mandarins? Secretaries to type endless manuscripts for non-teaching professors? Deleting these "extras, one could support a university solely on a tuition smaller than Harvard's or M.I.T.'s-and still give scholarships to needy students. Think about...
...electron beams simultaneously into the CEA accelerator...