Word: electrons
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...grant will provide Harvard's research labs with two sophisticated instruments, a Rutherford-Bach. scattering instrument and an X-rayphoto-electron spectrometer. An Auger spectrometerand a secondary ion mass spectrometer, twoinstruments which are particularly useful toelectronics research, will...
Formerly affiliated with AT&T's Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, Jene Golovchenko is known throughout the field for his pioneer research on surface properties using tunneling electron microscopy and X-ray standing wave methods...
...electron tunneling microscope, invented five years ago in Switzerland, uses electron currents to measure the location of atoms on a surface, said Dean of the Division of Applied Sciences Paul C. Martin...
...average, scientists now know, viruses are ten to 100 times as small as the typical bacterium, and in fact far smaller than the wavelength of visible light. That makes them too diminutive to be seen with the most powerful optical microscopes. But in 1931 the invention of the electron microscope -- for which German Physicist Ernst Ruska finally won the Nobel Prize this year -- broke the light barrier. The new instrument -- along with a technique called X-ray crystallography (in which X rays are diffracted through crystallized virus particles to reveal their molecular structure) -- at last provided a view...
...sharp images of most bacteria but cannot distinguish anything smaller than about eight-millionths of an inch -- the tiniest bacteria, for example -- because the wavelength of visible light, which is in the hundred-thousandth of an inch range, is too long. Ruska found that a magnetic coil could focus electrons, which have a wavelength that is roughly 100,000 times shorter. Substituting magnets for lenses and electrons for light, he built his first electron microscope. Improved versions, by providing images of viruses and even large molecules, have revolutionized such disparate fields as biology and electronics...