Word: elemental
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Dates: during 1890-1899
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...what may be called the "substantia" theory which maintains that all matter had for its basis a certain principle, a substance, and the various forms in which matter exists are the results of different influences brought to bear upon the primary substance. This theory was superseded by the four element theories of the school of Aristotle which taught that all matter was the result of the combination of tire, water, earth and air This theory held during the Middle Ages and was the inspiration of the Alchemists who thought that, since all the metals were composed of these four elements...
...there is an element of unfairness to Harvard in these figures which should not be left uncorrected, By an examination of this year's Harvard and Yale catalogues it will be seen that the medical schools of the two universities are strictly local institutions. very few of the students in either coming from without New England; but the Harvard Medical School is nearly six times as large as that of Yale, and if the growth of the universities in New York and the rest of the countries is to be reckoned by the deceptive method of percentages, it is unfair...
...from it. There are then, laying aside this purely intellectual consideration, two chief ways in which the moral strength of college life may be increased: first, by strengthening the impulses towards good; and second, by weakening the impulses towards evil. Under the first head Mr. Adams suggests four elements. Religion, the first named of these, has far more influence upon the average college man than people believe. A religion, or rather the forms of religion which are forced upon young men have less influence than if allowed to be sub-survient to the individual's will. For that reason...
...statistics are given concerning the growth of our cities. The increase of cities having a population of 8,000 and over, from 1800 to 1880, has been from 6 to 286. These cities, which have nearly one fourth of the population, have more than one half of the foreign element. In Boston there were in 1885, 275,000 American born persons to 132,000 foreigners. But 137,000 of the natives were minors, while of the foreigners only 12,000 were minors. Both in Boston and New York there is an excess of female population which is chiefly...
...production, i.e., surplus. This consists likewise of two parts, first, return to owners of land, i. e., rent; second, return to owners of business ability, i. e., profits. Setting aside the whole of this second grade, the returns to which are fixed by independent causes, if either of the elements of the first grade, i.e., interest or wages, can be shown, although the total of the two elements be increased or diminished, to be immutable in amount, then the other element of the first grade may be termed residual. The capitalist has no economical hold which will bring him increased...