Word: elitist
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Development strategy for Pakistan attempted to follow what one critic has termed "the elitist route to development." The growing inequality within Pakistan was no mistake, but the logical and intentional consequence of the development policy's successful effort to subsidize a small, wealthy class of industrialists into existence. Fledgling industries that were protected initially by tariffs and licensing provisions have grown into large monopolies reaping windfall returns to capital of 50 on upwards to 100 per cent. Two-thirds of industrial profits are controlled by 20 to 30 families in West Pakistan. The developers created this class of "robber barons...
That no real benefits from the elitist route to development ever accrued to most Pakistanis can easily be demonstrated by examining both the statistics on inequality cited previously and the recent history of Pakistan. The tiny class of super-rich preferred to consume conspicuously rather than invest their windfall profits. (Luxury housing accounts for about 10 per cent of measured private investment.) The growth of this economic oligarchy was complemented by the concurrent growth of a powerful military dictatorship, centralized in West Pakistan and supplied with American arms. After the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, the economic-military elite grew increasingly...
...elitist route to development functioned along with other dynamics (notably, US military aid) to create a monster--a powerful, centralized West Pakistani military dictatorship backed by a concentrated economic elite--a dictatorship that today commits genocide with impunity. Examining the GNP as an index of national welfare instead of examining the distribution of welfare, the employment of economic policies while ignoring their political consequences, and the insistence on developing through a capitalist elite instead of through socialist mass participation;--all were tragic mistakes made by development planners in Pakistan...
According to MacEwan, "the DAS did not contradict the dominant trend of thought concerning development policy in Pakistan, but instead acted as one more buttress to the elitist theory of development and provided important technical expertise necessary to the implementation of that theory...
...however, Tubman made some substantial contributions to Africa's oldest independent black state. His rule was characterized by both stability and a medicum of physical progress. By means of education and arm-twisting, Tubman did all he could to wipe out the differences between native tribesmen and the elitist Americo-Liberians (descendants of Liberia's freed-slave founders...