Word: embargoing
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Much of the present flurry has its origins in the 1973 Arab oil embargo, which persuaded many motorists to flee long gas lines for less frustrating subways and buses. The mounting energy crisis also spurred the Federal Government to provide up to 50% of transit systems' operating costs. Until then, money had been available only for capital and planning assistance. One result of this increased federal largesse was an investment spree in capital-intensive projects such as subways and electrified rail. There were some less benign results: fares well under the actual cost of service, leading inevitably...
Shortly after Reagan took office, though, the Soviets concluded that they had been wrong about him. Americans often remark that Reagan's bark has been worse than his bite. After all, he lifted the embargo that Carter had clamped on U.S. grain sales to the Soviet Union following the invasion of Afghanistan and proposed only mild and ineffectual economic sanctions in response to the imposition of martial law in Poland. But the Soviets have come to take Reagan at his word. Says a Kremlin specialist on American affairs: "With Carter, it was always interesting to read a speech...
...economic front, our current trade is too small to make it an effective weapon. But with the Japanese and the European shares added, it is large. I thought it was a mistake to give up on the grain embargo without getting something in return. But economic leverage must be used subtly and firmly...
Since 1977, the U.N. has organized an arms embargo against South Africa. There are no longer even remotely reliable statistics on the South African arms trade. Once again, I do not doubt that Israel has had some involvement, but the assertion that Israel serves as the U.S. proxy in selling arms to South Africa is unsubstantiated...
When the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), as part of its opposition to Western support of Israel, instituted its oil embargo against the West, it sought support from other international groups. An informal working alliance developed in the United Nations between anti-Israeli Arabs and the anti-apartheid forces of Black Africa. The result was a two-pronged attack against Israel and South Africa...Throughout the 1960s Israel pursued an active policy of friendship with Black Africa, and offered technical and economic aid...After the emergence of the alliance between Black Africa and the Arab world in 1973, however...