Word: englishes
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...English-speaking business community, although it controls an estimated 80% of the country's private sector, complains that its leverage with the government is weaker than ever. "We are subject to an Afrikaans-speaking tribal government," says Harry Oppenheimer, chairman of the Anglo American Corp. of South Africa Ltd., a mining empire. "We have some influence only if they want to remain on good terms with the rest of the world and want foreign investment to flow in." American investment in South Africa amounts to about $1.5 billion. U.S. companies are bound by American law to avoid discrimination?but cannot...
...Broederbond was founded by 37 Afrikaner professional and businessmen in 1918, primarily to combat the growing dominance of English language and culture following the defeat of the two Boer republics and the formation of the Union of South Africa under British rule. Since then, the organization has grown to a membership of more than 10,000 in nearly 700 divisions across South Africa and in Rhodesia as well. Although its initial aim was to promote Afrikaans language, history, culture and education, the Broederbond was soon involved in creating financial, banking and business institutions as a way of mobilizing the meager...
...founded the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organizations (F.A.K.), which evolved into an umbrella organization that now coordinates hundreds of national cultural societies. Concentrating on education, the Broederbond opposed the language policy of Prime Minister Jan Smuts in the 1940s, under which Afrikaner children were taught half their subjects in English and the remainder in their native tongue. Since 1948 the Broederbond has completely controlled the educational policy of South Africa; Afrikaner schools perpetuate the philosophy of Christian nationalism and exclusive Afrikanerism...
Collected Poems is Beckett's second work of poetry, but it is actually three literary works in one. First, it represents all Beckett's poetry in English including what was published previously in the short volume Poems in English. Second, it represents a complete collection of Beckett's poems in French. A dozen of these, written in 1938 and 1939, comprise Beckett's first creative work in that language. (For three of these Beckett has provided English translations.) Finally, Collected Poems includes Beckett's translations from the French of such poets as Paul Eluard, Arthur Rimbaud, and Guillaume Apollinaire--also...
Beckett's poems in French reflect this same style, with a few modifications geared to linguistic subtleties. In any case, if there is a slight stylistic difference, the effect does not diminish the most important thing--the poignant quality we know so well in Beckett's English works. The following poem and its translation were written between the years of 1937 and 1938 after Beckett had made his home in France...