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...table with gloves on, when you have an operation? There's the surgeon and a scrub nurse, of course. A surgical tech may be there too, suctioning up those queasy fluids, holding the arm or leg we're working on, cutting sutures and holding retractors. But you have seen enough medical shows to know there's also always at least one other doctor present. We may not engage in the same kind of dramatic medical banter that fictional surgeons do (like flying a passenger jet, safe surgery should be a little bit boring), but that second doctor - the assistant surgeon...
...problem is already affecting teaching hospitals, where there are typically not enough residents to help on all the cases. Many programs have resorted to hiring physician assistants (PAs) - they're like surgical residents who never graduate - to provide support when no residents are available to cover the cases. PAs can be a truly great help, but they don't have the mind-set of a doctor who stands - or will soon stand - in the lead position. When there's trouble, that mind-set is invaluable. And in surgery, sometimes there is trouble. (See the most common hospital mishaps...
...what's the alternative? Hospitals that are flush can hire PAs to assist; the one where I work does. But most can't afford the hefty expense of PAs. Even the hospitals that have the funds don't have enough to hire PAs for every case. So I often end up begging older colleagues or a surgeon waiting for the start of his own case for a "freebie"; I'm playing on goodwill, friendship or the promise of his eventually getting a paying case...
Modern Homo sapiens is still evolving. Despite the long-held view that natural selection has ceased to affect humans because almost everybody now lives long enough to have children, a new study of a contemporary Massachusetts population offers evidence of evolution still in action...
...economical way for companies to offset their greenhouse-gas emissions and comply with a tightening carbon cap. One study estimates that if the world were to meet a 50% "cut" in global greenhouse gases by 2050 under the current calculations, the necessary biofuel-crops expansion would be large enough to displace 59% of the world's natural forest cover - which would release an additional 9 billion tons of CO2 a year. "Carbon capture and storage, solar power, electric batteries - all of these alternatives have serious costs," says Searchinger. "But if you can just use up the world's carbon...