Word: epo
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...million bonus from him over doping allegations, a doctor came into the room and asked Armstrong, "Have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs?" Armstrong's response, according to Andreu: "Yes." Andreu says Armstrong listed for the doctor the banned drugs he had taken: growth hormone, cortisone, EPO (erythropoietin, which boosts endurance by raising the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity), steroids and testosterone...
...Spanish Civil Guard carried out Operación Puerto in late May, raiding several apartments in Madrid, where they found stashes of frozen blood, steroids, growth hormones and EPO, among other substances. Five people were arrested, including a doctor, Eufemiano Fuentes, who has links to many élite riders. The Spanish Cycling Federation handed over a report to Tour officials implicating the three high-profile barred riders in the doping ring. The report also named five riders from the Astaná-Würth team, forcing all nine of its riders off the Tour (a team needs six cyclists to start the race...
...another tough ride. L'Equipe, a French sports daily with a long history of questioning his accomplishments, ran a four-page feature, "The Armstrong Lie," claiming "indisputable" evidence that in 1999, the year of his first Tour victory, he used the banned performance-enhancing substance erythropoietin (EPO). Armstrong called the charge a witch hunt. "When I peed in that bottle [in 1999], there wasn't EPO in it," Armstrong said during a prime-time offensive on Larry King Live. "No way." But the head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) suggested the story might be credible...
...First, labeling the evidence as "indisputable" is a stretch. When taking drug tests, athletes submit two urine samples. To confirm a positive result, both tests must detect banned substances. France's National Laboratory for Drug Detection could test only the remaining, frozen B samples from six years ago. "For EPO, it has happened frequently that the A sample is not confirmed in the B sample," says Christiane Ayotte, a doping expert at the National Institute of Scientific Research in Montreal. Armstrong's 1999 and 2000 victories still stand, as do his five other wins, scored after testing for EPO...
...make that case, the newspaper published the results of tests conducted since December 2004 by the French National Anti-Doping Laboratory. With the aim of fine-tuning their methodology for spotting EPO, which improves the blood's capacity to transport oxygen, researchers there tested frozen, anonymous urine samples from racers in the Tour de France of 1999, two years before any tests for EPO had been authorized for the tour. Twelve of the samples tested positive for EPO. L'Equipe, which is owned by the same organization that owns the Tour de France itself, matched the numbers of the samples...