Word: equals
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Marshall's practice lost him $1,000 the first year. The next year he did better, building up a well-to-do clientele and a reputation, but he was increasingly involved in low-fee hard-work cases on civil rights. In a Maryland court, he won separate-but-equal status for a client. Donald Murray at the University of Maryland School of Law, a right about which he felt strongly. To the N.A.A.C.P. leaders, this victory tagged him as a really effective attorney in the N.A.A.C.P.'s kind of case...
...N.A.A.C.P. was winning graduate-school cases in the courts, but the defenant states complied merely by setting separate "schools" for one or two students. "It was beginning to look as though every time we won a lawsuit we were working our way deeper into the separate-but equal hole. The fact was we just weren't ready to tackle segregation as an evil per se. We didn't know enough...
...Democratic Party of Texas, which claimed that it was a private organization and could make its own rules barring Negroes from voting in primary elections. The River Pilots. Toward the end of the war, N.A.A.C.P. leaders began to face the failure concealed in the success of if separate-but-equal victories. In 1943 group of 100 N.A.A.C.P. leaders, mostly lawyers, met in Manhattan. Marshall recalls: "Like somebody at the meeting said, while it was true a lot of us might die without ever seeing the goal realized we were going to have to change directions if our children weren...
This, and Marshall's social-scientist approach, paid off. In his opinion for the whole court, Chief Justice Earl Warren in sentence after sentence reflected the conviction that under present conditions of U.S. life, education could not be separate and equal. When he heard the decision read, says Thurgood Marshall: "I was so happy, I was numb...
Southerners charge that Marshall was instrumental in "changing the Constitution" in the Supreme Court's desegregation decision. But from his point of view -and from the court's-he merely produced new evidence to show that the old rule of separate-but-equal (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) did not really give the equality before the law which the 14th Amendment guarantees...