Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Both in meetings with European Community nations and in NATO huddles Washington has carefully coordinated its approach on human rights with its European allies. In essence, the consensus has been to play it forte but not dangerously fortissimo. Sweden, Switzerland and The Netherlands are solidly behind the issue, as is France...
...free trade still possible? Economically, perhaps, but politically, in an industrial world still cursed by high unemployment and slow recovery from the 1973-75 recession, it is getting harder and harder to defend. The nine nations of the European Community, which, ironically, was founded precisely to free trade among its members, have put up barrier after barrier against foreign goods. In the U.S. two actions within the past fortnight have dramatized the growing clamor for restrictions against imports of steel, textiles, shoes, TV sets and dozens of other items. At the end of September, Zenith Radio Corp., the largest...
...about $7.5 billion of this year's deficit is in trade with the Japanese; $22.4 billion is with the OPEC countries, and the U.S. right now has no choice but to import their oil. The U.S. actually enjoys a surplus, though a declining one, in trade with the European Community (see chart...
Such talk worries European nations and Japan, which need U.S. sales to help speed their lackluster economic recoveries. But these countries are scarcely models of free-trade virtue. Within the Community, which has about 5.8 million unemployed workers, Britain limits imports of TV sets; West Germany is seeking to set quotas on Japanese ball bearings; France bars Italian wine; and Italy in May tightened restrictions on imports of Japanese motorcycles and parts. Some economists put much of the blame on protectionist measures in Europe and the U.S. for cutting the rate of growth in world trade almost in half, from...
Policymakers of the European Community have begun promoting what they call "organized liberty of exchange"-an Orwellian euphemism coined by French Prime Minister Raymond Barre. It means negotiated agreements limiting imports during hard times. An American variant of that idea is the "orderly marketing agreement" (OMA), which is emerging as the Carter Administration's chief response to protectionist clamor...