Word: europeanization
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Scattered Bursts. With complaints streaming in from maritime, aeronautic and amateur radio operators, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and European governments have dispatched stiff protests. Belatedly, the Russians concede that their "experiments" could "cause interference of short duration to radio facilities...
...same time, Japan has a deep-seated psychological aversion to importing. Many European imports are considered luxurious indulgences, and are priced accordingly. A fifth of Johnny Walker Black can cost $25.50 (v. $11.90 in Manhattan); imported Italian shoes for men easily run to $110. Common Market members also charge that their efforts to sell to Japan are hamstrung by nontariff barriers to trade. For example, European auto manufacturers (who export a mere 26,000 cars to Japan, v. the 400,000 the Japanese ship to the Nine) complain about a cumbersome maze of customs procedures, pollution and safey requirements...
...trade surplus before the latest dustup. For instance, in 1977 as in '76, Tokyo will limit steel exports to the Community to 1.4 million tons. But at Common Market headquarters in Brussels, these steps have been viewed as too little, too late. In November, over lunch in Brussels, European Commissioner Finn Olav Gundelach warned Japanese Deputy Foreign Minister Bunroku Yoshino that Japan would have to submit a comprehensive plan to right the trade imbalance or face retaliation. The Europeans, for example, could slap extra import duties on Japanese goods that they suspect are being "dumped"-that is, sold...
...Grab. On Thanksgiving Day, Tokyo replied. It proposed to hold Japanese auto exports to Britain to 10% or less of the British market, to increase quotas on imports of European skimmed milk, butter and cheese into Japan, and to line up more Japanese importers of processed meats and retailers of imported tobacco. Most encouraging to the Europeans, the Japanese also agreed to negotiations on shipbuilding, the sorest issue of all. In the first nine months of 1976, Japan grabbed 86% of all shipbuilding contracts awarded in industrialized countries. European shipbuilders claim that the Japanese can underbid them...
...shipbuilding talks opened in early December, but quickly deadlocked. The Japanese offered to restrict themselves to building 6.5 million of the 12 million tons of vessels that world shipping lines are expected to order for delivery in 1980. The Europeans demanded that the Japanese trim down to 4 million tons-and, as a first step, split all tonnage ordered in 1977 and '78 fifty-fifty with European yards. The Japanese refused, and clung to that position in talks last week with a European delegation that visited Tokyo. The Europeans, in response, have set two new deadlines: Japan must offer...